Rome s Creation Of A Mediterranean Empire - 3215 Words

I. Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 b.c.e.–330 c.e. A. Geography and Resources 1. Italy and Sicily are at a crossroads of the Mediterranean and serve as a link between Africa and Europe. Rome is at a crossroads of the Italian peninsula. 2. Italy’s natural resources included navigable rivers, forests, iron, a mild climate, and enough arable land to support a large population of farmers whose surplus product and labor could be exploited by the Roman state. B. A Republic of Farmers, 753–31 b.c.e. 1. Rome was inhabited at least as early as 1000 b.c.e. According to legend, it was ruled by seven kings between 753 b.c.e. and 507 b.c.e. Kingship was eliminated in 507 b.c.e. when representatives of the senatorial class of large landholders overthrew the last king and established a republic. 2. The centers of political power were the two consuls and the Senate. In practice, the Senate made laws and governed. 3. The Roman family consisted of several generations living under the absolute authority of the oldest living male, the paterfamilias. 4. Society was hierarchical. Families and individuals were tied together by patron/client relationships that institutionalized inequality and gave both sides of the relationship reason to cooperate and to support the status quo. 5. Roman women had relatively more freedom than Greek women, but their legal status was still that of a child, subordinate to the paterfamilias of their own or their husband’s family. Eventually proceduresShow MoreRelatedNotes On THe Roman Republic: City-State to World Empire956 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 6 Rome s great political achievement was to transcend the narrow political orientation of the city-state to create a world state that unified the different nations of the Mediterranean world. Rome overcame the limitations of the city-state mentality developed an empirewide system of law citizenship. Their genius found expression in law and government, the practical, not the theoretical. Historians divide Roman history into 2 broad periods: the Republic began in 509 B.C., w/ the overthrowRead MoreThe Decline Of The Imperial Collapse Of Rome And Greece1725 Words   |  7 Pages Unlike that of China, the decline of Rome was much more upsetting having a much larger impact on the surrounding world. The Decline and fall of the Mediterranean and Chinese civilizations was a result of population decrease, weak government, a frail economy, and invasion. The causes of the imperial collapse in Rome and Greece(The Mediterranean region)with the causes of imperial collapse in the East Asia during the period 600 BCE toward 600 CE has had an remarkable achievements but those sameRead MoreThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1595 Words   |  7 Pages The civilization of Ancient Rome thrived from the sixth century BC to the fifth century AD. The Roman Empire was the second empire to conquer most of the Mediterranean Sea basin, the first being the Ancient Greeks. After taking over the former Greek Empire, the Romans assimilated many aspects of Greek culture into their own, including the Greek Architecture. The main attributions to Ancient Roman architecture are cement, the arch, the vault, the dome and centralized road systems. The RomanRead MoreThe Aeneid, By Publius Vergilius Maro1449 Words   |  6 PagesMantua. He got his education in the Northern Italian cities of Milan and Cremona. He eventually made his way to Rome where he was quickly immersed in learning the theory of Roman law. Virgil had planned to end up a legal advisor as his dad wished, however after giving law a try, he decided to study philosophy instead. The Aeneid was one of Virgil’s final works of art. It is even known as Rome s national Virgil started working on the epic in 30 B.C, but he did not finish it that year. He worked on theRead MoreThe Roman Colosseum Of Rome1153 Words   |  5 Pagesevery year. This massive amphitheater is located in the center of Rome, Italy. During ancient roman times these massive amphitheaters were commonly placed around cities. â€Å"Eventually there were well over 250 amphitheaters in the Roman empire† (Hopkins). However, no other amphitheater competes in size. What sparked the want to build such a massive amphitheater? Why is this so important? Years prior to the construction of the Colosseum, Rome was dealing with a massive civil war which destroyed the cityRead MoreRoman Roads1495 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Roman Roads: An Empire Connected LVV4U1 December 16, 2013 â€Å"Man has always moved along a road. It’s just what the road has looked like that’s changed over time† (Dan McNichol). Some would say that the legacy of the Roman Empire is viewed as the foundation of civilization, having influenced every aspect of modern society, from literature to mathematics. Even today, Roman law and foundation of government forms the basis of several modern democracies. The ancient Empire`s monuments stillRead MoreClassical Civilizations And Ancient Civilizations1870 Words   |  8 Pagescomplex political, economic, cultural, and military organization. All civilizations traded with others and many conquered new territories. Classical civilizations include those such as Zhou and Han China, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Mediterranean civilizations of Greece and Rome. 6th C BCE: The Lives of Buddha, Confucius, Laozi (The beginnings of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism) 500 BCE - 300 BCE: Greek Golden Age This â€Å"golden age† began after the Greek victory over Persia during theRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On The Development Of Christianity1283 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity was born and flourished in an empire where the common language was Latin and Greek. Two important people like Paul and Constantine further influenced and were a major part of the development of Christianity. The history of the Jews leading up to the time of Jesus had a major impact on the development of Christianity. â€Å"When Christianity was clearly identified as a distant religion, the new religion was considered by its members to be the fulfillment of Judaism rather than a new religionRead MoreThe Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The Gothic Age Through The Renaissance1261 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the imaginative products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from Rome s decli ne. Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire s culture and art for centuries afterward. A number of states contemporary with the Byzantine Empire were culturally influenced by it, without actuallyRead MoreSignificance Of The Hellenistic Period During The Classical Age1844 Words   |  8 Pagesinto these empires ideas such as beliefs were able to spread much farther distances trade was facilitated throughout these regions - commercial organization 22. How are the political structures of Greece and Rome similar and different? Similarities: Somesort of procedure to remove a government official Only men were allowed to participate Differences: Rome was a republic Greece was depending on the city-state a democracy, monarchy, or oligarchy Roman women can become citizens Rome had political

How Nurturing Shapes The Hero - 1873 Words

How Nurturing Shapes the Hero The topic of human morality has been debated by great thinkers throughout human history. â€Å"And human nature too is like the water: it doesn’t chose between good and evil any more than water chooses between east and west.† (Austin 79) In fact, it can be argued that what constitutes an immutable form of good vs. evil has been at the source of debates in both religious morality and a broader philosophical understanding of what these forms represent. Furthermore, morality has been fluid over time, changing to reflect the cultural mores of society; given enough time, even perception of previously taboo practices has changed in response to changes in culture as well as the proliferation and recession of religion. As†¦show more content†¦Proponents of an absolute definition of morals suggest that there is a defined right and wrong and that acting in a way that is virtuous or immoral, respectively, determines one’s fate in the afterlife. This is not universa l, as the behaviors deemed as moral depend on religious custom, and both the benefits and penalties of adhering to them require a shared belief. One such scholar, Immanuel Kant believed â€Å"the moral law must carry with it absolute necessity† (Kant 2). A contemporary Christian viewpoint is that a practicing Christian is inherently sinful and must find salvation through belief, this presupposes that man is immoral from birth. While this a working definition of morality for those who share his beliefs, as he states â€Å"we can reasonably hope to find true happiness only after death, as a reward granted by God† (Lenoir 16). Kant’s philosophical stance depends on religious belief in both God and an afterlife as key conceptual features of morality. In Kant’s view, God has defined morals through scripture, and adherence to God’s moral authority secures the benefits of acting morally in the form of â€Å"true happiness† and continuity beyond the veil of death. Therefore, Kant’s moral concept does not explain morality at the least for polytheists, but also those who seek to act morally but areShow MoreRelatedThe Deception of Exile Essay example1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe basis of many myths and stories revolve around the Hero, who through his actions determines the outcome and reception of the myth, therefore playing a very important role. Not as clearly recognized, exile plays a significant part in the shaping of a hero, which in turn affects the myth entirely. In various myths different patterns of exile can be discovered which affect the character positively or negatively. Exile is used as a tactic to change the way an audience perceives the myth. Exile canRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello And Iago 1463 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal point of view that comes from the self, is what shapes the reality that one interacts with. So it is the self, and one’s relationship with the self that truly determines and ones’ actions and view of the world. Don Quixote is an excellent example of how one’s perspective and self-awareness are important. In this story a man sets out on his own adventure to right the wrongs of the world. However, in spite of noble intentions, this â€Å"hero† ends up causing much more harm then needed because heRead MoreWhy Anti Heroes Are So Appealing For The Public1155 Words   |  5 PagesAs humans, we all have the tendency to shape and mold ourselves so that we posses the qualities that will make us likeable. This likability is something that is more needed than it is wanted, a cover to help aid the facade that we have all adapted, a facade that hides the dark carnal urges that many of us posses deep within ourselves. It is an ingrained habit for us to hide them away, and instead be kind-hearted individuals with the purest intentions. When we encounter someone with the kinds of qualitiesRead MoreGender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order1611 Words   |  7 Pagesbombarded with shows depicting gender stereotype models from toys marketed as for boys or girls, to children’s TV programmes and shows. It is common for children’s programmes to emphasize the role of the make â€Å"hero† who saves the weak female. Children interpret these messages as â€Å"real life† which shapes their reality, behaviour and expectations of their gender role. However, the s ocial construction of gender does not happen only, it continues throughout the rest of their lives and influenced our perspectiveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Television Tv 1138 Words   |  5 Pagesact it out with all his action figures or minifigures. One of his biggest interests is technology. Computers, tablets, phones, all of them he has mastered. He can play Minecraft, Lego Batman, and Lego Super heros better than anyone I know. He has the ability to self-teach how to navigate through these games and worlds; building houses, streets, driving cars, fighting the bad guys, or even being one. All while his ability navigating through real life is what he really needs help with, whichRead MoreElvis Presleys Influene on American Culture1050 Words   |  4 Pagesmulti-platinum certifications of any artist in history. Elvis also holds 149 charting pop singles,114 top 40’s, 40 top Tens and 18 Number Ones. The remainder of this essay will looks at how Elvis, through his music career, had a major impact on culture. This new culture that was to emerge in both the USA and indeed the world would shape a new generation of both young and old. His influence on black and white American culture caused a lot of racist riots because of the mingling of black and white people. TheRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Racial Stereotypes Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesvague. Her excitement to contribute to the community doesn’t weaken by the darkness or the coldness. Nevertheless, behind all the concrete elements that reinforce the kindness of the woman, this photograph still falls into the stereotypical frame that how visual media portrays African American people, unavoidably. And the question is: to what extend this photo fits Omi’s theories about stereotypes in the essay? In the essay In Living Color: Race and American Culture, Omi states that the African AmericanRead MoreThe Theory Of The Glass Ceiling Metaphor Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesrole theory explains the labor division between men and women and the difference in their leadership style (Sabharal, 2015). Men are regarded as more agentic- aggressive, dominant, and independent. Women behaviors are more communal- empathetic, nurturing and kind. 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Without the information, the meaning of theRead MoreHow Organizations Can Move Beyond The First Steps Of Corporate Change Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pages ABSTRACT Change is best carried through by the many, not by just the hero-leader. Ten challenges to the initiation and sustaining of change are elaborated, illustrated by a rich range of case studies and supported by a practical checklist. We all know that change and innovation are of the essence for organisations today and in future. The bad news, according to Peter Senge, is that most change initiatives fail. The good news is that Senge and his co-authors think they know why and what

Rip Curls Business free essay sample

Rip Curl has gone from a garage enterprise established by two Victorian surfers into a global business which now employs over 1500 people, with factory outlets all over the world. Rip Curl is a major Australian manufacturer started by two surfers in Torquay producing surfboards from their garden shed, but the business only started to grow when they made the logical step of manufacturing wetsuits. Today Rip Curl produces not only surf gear but also apparel, sunglasses, watches, footwear and backpacks. Rip Curl has become one of the largest board wear brands in Australia, Europe and South America and is growing rapidly in North America. Along the way there have been significant mileposts to do with their exportation of products, position, legal structure and market. In 1970 they decided to begin production of wetsuits, concentrating to add diving technology into a wetsuit suitable for surfing . In that same year the world surfing title was held in Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Rip Curls Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The International surfers wore Rip Curl wetsuits, and were fond of them; as they aided them in performing well. The professional Surfers ordered them to be sent overseas. This started the overseas demand. In 1979, they exported products to America. Two years later in 1981, a rip curl factory was opened in California. In 1990 Rip Curl made under licenses in USA, Brazil, France, and Japan. 10 years later 2000 rip Curl firmly established internationally in Australia, Europe and USA. To wider there market, Rip curl made the decision of introducing waterproof watches, as they were at a high demand in 1987. This was an in house design. Subsequently, various surf wear was introduced and then snow gear. Rip Curl had broadened its market and was very successful. Rip Curl factories opened in the developing countries, as the labour is cheaper, but other factors were quality, timely delivery, scale, and geographical convenience. As Rip Curl’s popularity grew, Counterfeiting became a massive problem, especially in Asia, where most of the products were manufactured. They tried to stop this issue, but as most companies find out, it is impossible to stamp out. Even though it is impossible to stamp out, Rip Curl lobbies governments to tighten legislation and patents to protect name designs. A decision that has stayed the same since the start-up of Rip Curl is keeping it as a private company. Competitors such as billabong and quicksilver becoming public companies have raised the bar. They now have more money, resources, managers, and more aggressive with more investors. But nevertheless Rip Curl has maintained a private company as they have an advantage as they don’t have to post their financial situation (capital), but they can look at competitors as they are a public company and they post information for the stock market. These events and decisions have contributed to Rip Curl becoming a worldwide enterprise. Therefore they have defiantly gone from a back garage business into a successful global company, as they are at the forefront of research, development and technology in surfing.

Feminism in Poetry Essay Example For Students

Feminism in Poetry Essay That Is barefoot, pregnant, and chained to the stove. Ideas Like this are what started the feminist movement. Women desired to be judged by their worth as a person rather than their physical appearance or biological factors. Women sought out social, economic, and political equality. Many women wanted to do their part to support the cause. Some of the most notable influences of the feminist movement were poets such as Sylvia Plate, Lucille Clifton and Anne Sexton. Through their poems, the truth was exposed. This encouraged women everywhere to demand Justice and equality. Although there are many feminist themes poets can write about, Sylvia Plate writes of male domination. In her poetry, all men appear to be the opposing force that keeps women from living a happy life. For example, in her poem Dread, Plate exploits her father as being a fascist Nazi. Much like the Nazi, a fascist is known for being controlling with the power to oppress societies. Plate felt like a Jew amongst her Nazi father (40). However, towards the end of the poem, the representation of Plashs father and husband (or all men) go from Nazis to Vampires (72). It is clear that In this change of metaphor that Plate went from living the terrors of a male dominant society to living with the undead terrors of her memories. In the same way, Plashs poem Lady Lazarus conveys the message of male dominance. For example, the speaker states that l am your opus, am your valuable it seems the woman in the poem feels as if she is a possession to men. However, in the final stanza she informs Herr God, Herr Lucifer to beware because Out of the ash I will rise and I eat men like air (79-84). The woman rises from the she Like a phoenix, stronger and with a new sense of empowerment. It Is as If men mean nothing and hold no more significance In her life. Plate uses these powerful poems to make a clear position in the feminist movement against the social inequalities that women faced in their everyday lives. Next, the feminist movement was partially about being proud of being a woman. Lucille Clifton, a strong, blunt woman presents such feminist themes. Clifton asserts her feminist ideas in the form of a womans body. In her poem Homage to My Hips, a persons first Impression might be of a woman proud of her full figure. However, hips In this poem are a symbol of the strength and life that women possess. Therefore, when she says hips, she is speaking for all the women. For instance, Clifton points out that: These hips are big hips; they need space to move around in. They dont fit into petty places. These are free hips. (1-6). Undoubtedly, Clifton believes that women should have the same opportunities as men. If they are limited by their actions, there is no room for them to thrive. In the same way, Clifton illustrates her feminist views through the womans body In her poem Wishes for Sons. The poem directed toward men, talks specifically about the biological factors of a woman. Clifton wishes men to experience menstruation, the cramps, hot flashes, and the blood clots. Clifton wishes them one week early and wearing a white skirt (5-6). Indeed, she wants men to experience the embarrassments and fears a woman faces. Equally important, she wishes for men to experience the arrogance of gynecologist, not unlike themselves (18). Truly, question, why are males considered the stronger ones? Women are strong and can endure great pain that a man would collapse under. Lucille Clifton is one of the most rueful feminist poets, because she is direct and not afraid to speak her mind. .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 , .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .postImageUrl , .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 , .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:hover , .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:visited , .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:active { border:0!important; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:active , .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605 .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50237f10cb77ebced16fe62bcc585605:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of "But these things also" EssayThrough her poetry, she empowers women to stand up and be strong. Finally, Anne Sexton is known more for her confessional poetry. However, her support of the feminist movement is evident throughout her poems. In her poem Little Girl, My String Bean, My Lovely Woman, Sexton praises and gives her advice to her daughter. Before the feminist movement, having a daughter was not celebrated. This poem is evidence that Sexton stepped out of the social norm and took one step closer to liberation of all women. Sexton writes of Old wives speaking of womanhood. I remember that I heard nothing myself. I was alone. I waited like a target. (35-38) Again, this is referring to how no one ever talked about the challenges of womanhood. By making aware of these challenges, Sexton stood alone and took the criticisms of society. Furthermore, Sexton tells her daughter that her bones are lovely (52). Like many girls that are coming of age, they view themselves through the eyes of society or men. Sexton wanted to tell her before they enter (50). In the final stanza, Sexton tells her daughter that if she is sure of yourself she will strike fire, hat new thing (95-98). To summarize, if her daughter stays true to herself as a woman, she will succeed in her new life. Because Sexton ties her intimate life in with her poetry, it makes the message of feminism even more meaningful. In conclusion, there are the many sides to feminism. Plate exposed a more daring approach. She wrote of the role of women in a male dominated society and the constant struggle of woman versus man. On the other hand, Clifton has a more passive but straightforward approach. She spoke of matters that women then were too embarrassed to speak of. This is why she might have felt she had to be the voice for all women. Her bold poetry made her one of the most popular poets of the feminist movement. Lastly, because she was a confessional poet, Sextons intertwined her feminist views with her personal life. This method made her feminist message more meaningful and passionate. Many women, along with these popular poets set out to change the course of history. They strives for equality and fought hard to obtain it. It would be in vain if women today did not take advantage of the rights that they struggled to achieve.

Technology Essay Example

Technology Paper Distributed data processing involves reorganizing the central IT function into small IT units that are placed under the control of end users, The IT nits may be distributed according to business attention, geographic location, or both. All or any of the IT functions may be distributed. The degree to which they are distributed will vary depending upon the philosophy and objectives to the organizations management. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of distributed data processing? Response: The advantages of EDP are: a. Cost reductions b. Improved cost control responsibility C. Improved user satisfaction d. Back up flexibility The disadvantages (risks) are: a. Inefficient use Of resources b. Destruction of audit trails c. Inadequate segregation of duties . Difficulty acquiring qualified professionals e. Lack of standards 5. What types of tasks become redundant in a distributed data processing system? Response: Autonomous systems development initiatives distributed throughout the firm can result in each user area reinventing the Wheel rather than benefiting trot the work to others. For example, application programs created by one user, which could be used with little or no change by others, will be redesigned from scratch rather than shared. Likewise, data common to many users may be recreated for each, resulting in a high level of data redundancy. This situation has implications for data accuracy and consistency. 6. Explain Why certain duties that are deemed incompatible in a manual system may be combined in a CBS computer-based information system environment. Give an example. Response: The IT (CBS) environment tends to consolidate activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A single application may authorize, process, and record all aspects Of a transaction. Thus, the focus of segregation control shifts from the operational level (transaction processing tasks that computers now perform) to higher. Level organizational relationships within the computer services function. 7. What are the three primary CBS functions that must be separated? Response: The three primary CBS functions that must be separated are as follows: a. Separate systems development from computer operations, b. Separate the database administrator from other functions , and c. Operate new systems development from maintenance. 8. What exposures do data consolidation in a CSS environment pose? Response: In a CBS environment, data consolidation exposes the data to losses from natural and man-made disasters. Consolidation creates a single point of failure The only way to back up a central computer site against disasters is to roved a second computer facility. 9. What problems may occur as a result of combining applications programming and maintenance tasks into one position? Response: One problem that may occur is inadequate documentation. Documenting is not considered as interesting a task as designing testing, and implementing a new system, thus a systems professional may move on to a new project rather than spend time documenting an almost complete project. Job security may be another reason a programmer may not fully document his or her work. Another problem that may occur is the increased potential for program raid. Fifth original programmer generates fraudulent code during development, then this programmer, through maintenance procedures, may disable the code prior to audits. Thus, the programmer can continue to cover his or her tracks. 10. Why is poor-quality systems documentation a prevalent problem? Response: Poor-quality systems documentation is a chronic IT problem and a significant challenge for many organizations seeking SOX compliance. At least two explanations are possible for this phenomenon. First, documenting systems is not as interesting as designing, testing, and implementing them. Systems refashions much prefer to move on to an exciting new project rather than document one just complete The second possible reason for poor documentation is job security. When a system is poorly documented, it is difficult to interpret, test, and debug. Therefore, the programmer who understands the system (the one who coded it) maintains bargaining power and becomes relatively indispensable. When the programmer leaves the firm, however, a new programmer inherits maintenance responsibility for the undocumented system. Depending on its complexity, the transition period may be long and costly. 11. What is RAID? Response: RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks) use parallel disks that contain redundant elements of data and applications. If one disk fails, the lost data are automatically reconstructed from the redundant components stored on the other disks. 2. What is the role off data librarian? Response: A data librarian, who is responsible for the receipt, storage, retrieval, and custody to data tiles, controls access to the data library. The librarian issues data files to computer operators in accordance with program requests and takes custody files when processing or backup procedures are completed. The trend in recent years toward real-time processing and the increased use of direct- access files has reduced or even eliminated the role of the data librarian in many organizations, 13. What is the role off corporate computer services department? How does this differ from other configurations? Response: The role Of a corporate computer services department (IT function) differs in that it is not a completely centralized model: rather, the group plays the role Of provider Of technical advice and expertise to distributed computer services. Tours, it provides much more support than would be received in a impolitely distributed model. A corporate computer services department provides a means for central testing of commercial hardware and software in an efficient manner. Further, the corporate group can provide users with services such as installation of new software and troubleshooting hardware and software problems. The corporate group can establish systems development, programming, and documentation standards, The corporate group can aid the user groups in evaluating the technical credentials of prospective systems professionals, 14, What are the five risks associated with distributed data processing? Response: The Five risks associated with distributed data processing are as a. Inefficient use of resources, destruction of audit trails, c. Inadequate segregation of duties, potential inability to hire qualified professionals, and e. Lack of standards. IS List the control features that directly contribute to the security of the computer center environment. A. Physical location controls b. Construction controls c. Access controls d. Air conditioning e. Fire suppression f. Fault tolerance 16. What is data conversion? Response: The data conversion function transcribes transaction data from paper source documents into computer input. For example, data conversion could be keying sales orders into a sales order application in modern systems or transcribing data into magnetic media (tape or disk) suitable for computer processing in legacy-type systems. 17, What may be contained in the data library? Response: The data library is a room adjacent to the computer center that provides safe storage for the off-line data files, Those files could be backups or current data files. For instance, the data library could store backups on DVDs, CD-Rooms, tapes, or other storage devices, It could also store live, current data lies on magnetic tapes and removable disk packs. In addition, the data library could store the original copies of commercial soft. are and their licenses for safekeeping. 18. What is an ARQ Response: A recovery operations center (ROCK) or hot site is a fully equipped backup data center that many companies share. In addition to hardware and backup facilities, ROCK service providers Offer a range of technical services to their clients, who pay an annual fee for access rights. In the event of a major disaster, a subscriber can occupy the premises and, within a few hours, resume processing critical applications. , What is a cold site? The empty shell or cold site plan is an arrangement wherein the company buys or leases a building that will serve as a data center. In the event of a disaster, the shell is available and ready to receive whatever hardware the temporary user requires to run its essential data processing systems. 20. What is fault tolerance? Response: Fault tolerance is the ability of the system to continue operation when part of the system fails due to hardware failure, application program error, or operator error. Implementing fault tolerance control ensures that no single mint of potential system failure exists Total failure can occur only in the event of the failure of multiple components, or system-wide failure. 21. What are the often-cited benefits of IT outsourcing? Response: Often-cited benefits Of IT outsourcing include improved core business performance, improved IT performance (because of the vendors expertise), and reduced IT costs. 22. Define commodity IT asset. Response: Commodity IT assets are those assets that are not unique to a particular organization and are thus easily acquired in the marketplace. These include such things are nonvoter management, systems operations, server maintenance, and help-desk functions. 23. Define specific asset. Response: Specific assets, in contrast to commodity assets, are unique to the organization and support its strategic objectives. Because of their idiosyncratic nature, specific assets have little value outside of their current use. 24, List five risks associated with IT outsourcing. A. Failure to perform b. Vendor exploitation c. Outsourcing costs exceed benefits d. Reduced security e. Loss Of strategic advantage Discussion Questions 1. How is pre-SOX IT governance different from post-SOX IT governance? Response: Prior to SOX, the common practice regarding IT investments was to defer all decisions to corporate IT professionals. Modern IT governance, however, follows the philosophy that all corporate stakeholders, including boards of directors, top management, and department users (i. E. Accounting and finance) be active participants in key IT decisions. Such broad-based involvement reduces risk and increases the likelihood that IT decisions will be in compliance with user needs, corporate policies, strategic initiatives, and internal control requirements under SOX. Although IT governance is a broad area, only three aspects of IT governance are discussed in the chapter. Name them and explain why these topics were chosen. Response: Although all IT governance issues are important to the organization, not all of them are matters of internal control under SOX that may potentially impact the financial reporting process. This chapter examined three IT governance issues that are addressed by SOX and the COOS internal control framework. These are: a. Organizational structure of the IT function, b. Computer center operations, and Disaster recovery planning. 3. What types of incompatible activities are prone to becoming consolidated in a distributed data processing system? HOW can this be prevented? Response: Achieving an adequate segregation of duties may not be possible in some distributed environments. The distribution of the IT services to users may result in the creation of small independent units that do not permit the desired separation of incompatible functions. For example, within a single unit the same person may write application programs, perform program maintenance, enter transaction data into the computer, and operate the computer equipment. Such a situation would be a fundamental violation of internal control. 4. Why would an operational manager be willing to take on more work in the tort of supervising an information system? Response: Managers are responsible for the success of their divisions, If the benefits to be reaped from a EDP are expected to be great enough, the manager may find it is worth her or his while to expend the extra effort, Some of the benefits the manager may hope will materialize within the divisions are more efficiently run operations, better decision making, and reduced processing costs. Increased customer satisfaction may also result if the DOPE system is more accommodating. 5. HOW can data be centralized in a distributed data processing system? Response: The data is stored centrally, but updated or processed at the local (remote) site. Thus, data is retrieved from the centralized data store, processed locally, and then sent back to the centralized data store. 6. Should standards be centralized in a distributed data processing environment? Explain. Response: The relatively poor control environment imposed by the EDP model can be improved by establishing some central guidance. The corporate group can contribute to this goal by establishing and distributing to user areas appropriate standards for systems development, programming, and documentation. 7. How can human behavior be considered one of the biggest potential threats to operating system integrity? Response: The purpose of segregation of duties is to deal with the potential negative aspects of human behavior including errors and fraud. The relationship between systems development (both new systems development and maintenance) and computer operations activities poses a potential risk that can circumvent operating system integrity. These functions are inherently incompatible. With detailed knowledge of application logic and control parameters and access to the computers operating system and utilities, an individual could make unauthorized changes to the application during its execution. 8. A bank in California has thirteen branches spread throughout northern California, each With its own minicomputer where its data are stored. Another bank has 10 branches spread throughout California, with its data stored on a mainframe in San Francisco. Which system do you think is more vulnerable to unauthorized access? Excessive losses from disaster? Response: The bank that has the data for all of its branches stored on one mainframe computer is at greater risk of access control. All of the firms records are centrally housed. Once a perpetrator gains unauthorized access to the system, the data for all 10 branches are at risk, For the other bank the perpetrator would have to breach security for each of the thirteen branch computers. Thus, the bank with all of data centrally stored on a mainframe is more vulnerable to access control. The primary disasters of concern in California are earthquakes and fires. The bank with a central mainframe in San Francisco is robbery at the greatest risk of damage from both earthquakes and fires. If that system is destroyed, all of the branches lose their processing capability and, possibly, stored data. 9. End-user computing has become extremely popular in distributed data processing organizations. The end users like it because they feel they can more readily design and implement their own applications. Does this type of environment always foster more efficient development Of applications? Explain your answer. Response: Distributed data processing if not properly managed, may result in duplication of efforts. Two or more individual end users may develop similar applications While completely unaware Of each Others efforts. Such duplication is an inefficient use of human resources. 10. Compare and contrast the following disaster recovery options: mutual aid pact, empty shell, recovery operations center, and internally provided backup. Rank them from most risky to least risky, as well as from most costly to least costly. Response: A mutual aid pact requires two or more organizations to agree to and trust each other to aid the other with data processing needs in the event of a disaster. This method is the lowest cost, but also somewhat risky. First, the host company must be trusted to scale back its own processing in order to process the transactions of the disaster-stricken company, Second, the firms must not be affected by the same disaster, or the plan fails. The next lowest cost method is internally provided backup. With this method, organizations with multiple data processing centers may invest in internal excess capacity and support themselves in the case of disaster in one data processing center. This method is not as risky as the mutual aid pact because reliance on another organization is to a factor. In terms of cost, the next highest method is the empty shell where two or more organizations buy or lease space for a data processing center. The space is made ready for computer installation; however, no computer equipment is installed. This method requires lease or mortgage payments as well as payment for air conditioning and raised floors. The risk in this method is that the hardware, software, and technicians may be difficult, if not impossible, to have available in the case Of a natural disaster. Further, if multiple members systems crash simultaneously, an allocation problem exists. The method with lowest risk and also the highest cost is the recovery operations center. This method takes the empty shell concept one step further-?the computer equipment is actually purchased and software may even be installed. Assuming that this site is far enough away from the disaster-stricken area not to be affected by the disaster, this method can be a very good safeguard. 1 1. Who should determine and prioritize the critical applications? How is this done? How frequently is it done? Response: The critical applications should be identified and prioritize by the seer departments, accountants, and auditors, The applications should be prioritize based upon the impact on the short-run survival of the firm. The frequency with which the priorities need to be assessed depends upon the amount and kinds of changes that are made to systems over time. Firms that make changes frequently should reassess priorities frequently. 12. Why is it easier for programmers to perpetrate a fraud than operators? Response: It is much easier for programmers to perpetrate a fraud because they know the code. They know how to get around Some, or most, Of the embedded controls. Better yet, some programmers deliberately program code that gets them around controls and allows them to commit fraud. 13. Why should an organization centralize the acquisition, testing, and implementation of software and hardware within the corporate IT function? Response: The corporate IT group is better able to evaluate the merits of competing vendor software and hardware. A central, technically astute group such as this can evaluate systems features, controls, and compatibility with industry and organizational standards most efficiently. Test results can then be strutted to user areas as standards for guiding acquisition decisions. 14 Organizations sometimes locate their computer centers in the basement of their buildings to avoid normal traffic flows, Comment on this practice. Response: Locating the computer center in the basement to a building can create an exposure to disaster risk such as floods. The Chicago Board of Trade computer centers systems were located in the basement of a multi-storied office building in Chicago. When the century-old water pipelines burst, part of the first floor and the entire basement flooded. Trade was suspended for several days until system functionality could be restored, causing the loss of millions of dollars. This disaster would have been prevented if the computer center had simply been located on the top floor-?still away from normal traffic flows, but also away from the risk of flood. 15. The 2003 blackout that affected the U. S. Northeast caused numerous computer failures. What Can an organization do to protect itself from such uncontrollable power failures? Response: The decision regarding power controls can be an expensive one and usually requires the advice and analysis of experts. The following, however, are options that can be employed. Voltage regulators and surge protectors provide regulated electricity. Related to the level of electricity (frequency), and clean electricity, related to spikes and other potential hazards. Power outages and brownouts can generally be controlled with a battery backup (known as an uninterruptible power supply). 16. Discuss potential problem with ROCs. Response: Because of the heavy investment involved, ROCS are typically shared among many companies. The firms either buy shares in or become subscribers to the ROCK, paying monthly fees for rights to its use, That situation does provide mom risk because a widespread natural disaster may affect numerous entities in the same general geographic area, If multiple entities share the same ROCK, some firm or firms will end up queued in a waiting line. 17. Discuss two potential problems associated with a cold site. A. Recovery depends on the timely availability of the necessary computer hardware to restore the data processing function. Management must obtain assurances from hardware vendors that the vendor will give priority to meeting the organizations needs in the event Of a disaster. An unanticipated hardware apply problem at this critical juncture could be a fatal blow. B. With this approach there is the potential for competition among users for the shell resources, the same as for a hot site. For example, a widespread natural disaster, such as a flood or earthquake, may destroy the data processing capabilities of several shell members located in the same geographic area. Those affected by the disaster would be faced with a second major problem: how to allocate the limited facilities of the shell among them. The situation is analogous to a sinking ship that has an inadequate number of lifeboats. 8. Discuss three techniques used to achieve fault tolerance. A. Redundant arrays of inexpensive (or independent) disks (RAID), There are several types to RAID configurations. Essentially, each method involves the use of parallel disks that contain redundant elements of data and applications. If one disk fails, the lost data are automatically reconstructed from the redundant components stored on the other disks, b. Uninterruptible power supplies. In the event of a power outage, short-term backup power (i. E. , battery power) is provided to allow the system to shut down n a controlled manner. This process will prevent the data loss and corruption that would otherwise result from an uncontrolled system crash, lag. Explain the outsourcing risk of failure to perform Response: Once a client firm has outsourced specific IT assets, its performance becomes linked to the vendors performance. The negative implications Of such dependency are illustrated in the financial problems that have plagued the huge outsourcing vendor Electronic Data Systems Cop. DES). In a cost-cutting effort, DES terminated seven thousand employees, which impacted its ability to serve Other clients. Following an eleven-year low in share prices, DES stockholders filed a class-action lawsuit against the company. Clearly, vendors experiencing such serious financial and legal problems threaten the viability of their clients also. 20. Explain vendor exploitation. Response: Once the client firm has divested itself of specific assets it becomes dependent on the vendor. The vendor may exploit this dependency by raising service rates to an exorbitant level, As the clients IT needs develop over time beyond the original contract terms, it runs the risk that new or incremental revises will be negotiated at a premium, This dependency may threaten the clients long-term flexibility, agility, and competitiveness and result in even greater vendor dependency. 21, Explain why reduced security is an outsourcing risk, Response: Information outsourced to off-shore IT vendors raises unique and serious questions regarding internal control and the protection of sensitive personal data. When corporate financial systems are developed and hosted overseas, and program code is developed through interfaces with the host companys network, US corporations are at risk of losing control of their information. TO a large degree, US firms are reliant on the outsourcing vendors security measures, data-access policies, and the privacy laws of the host country. 22. Explain how IT outsourcing can lead to loss of strategic advantage. Response: Alignment between IT strategy and business strategy requires a close working relationship between corporate management and IT management in the concurrent development of business and IT strategies. This, however, is difficult to accomplish when IT planning is geographically redeployed off-shore or even domestically. Further, since the financial justification for IT outsourcing upends upon the vendor achieving economies of scale, the vendor is naturally driven toward seeking common solutions that may be used by many clients rather than creating unique solutions for each of them, This fundamental underpinning to IT outsourcing is inconsistent with the clients pursuit of strategic advantage in the marketplace, 23, Explain the role of a ASS 70 report in reviewing internal controls. Technology Essay Example Technology Essay Technology Name: Course: Instructor: We will write a custom essay sample on Technology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Institution: Date: Technology The New York Times chose to deploy their innovative support group as a shared service. This means that the costs for supporting the group and acquiring these services will be shared among the companies. The RD vice president expresses that the group’s role is to be able to access new markets and ideas more easily. One of the ways they do this is accessing information from websites in order to know what people are interested in. A shared service approach has several advantages; first, it reduces the cost that a business would have incurred in accessing the services as an individual business. Secondly, it leads to the growth of a business, as competition has been increased and the business is also working with other businesses, hence it is more efficient. A shared service approach also enables a company to focus more on the business without much distraction. The support team of the New York Times is able to prototype E-ink at a point where some businesses cannot be able to afford the resources that are needed to research on the technology. The New York Times collaborated with Netflix to create a map on the most rented films. Shared services approach however has some disadvantages, they include loss of control by the companies in acquiring the service and some businesses may suffer, when they cover the costs of companies that cannot afford to cover for projects. Boston Scientific faced the challenge of balancing openness and sharing with security and the need for restricting access to information. The company used technology to overcome this. The company created software known as Invention Machine’s Goldfire. This machine would enable researchers to access information, while at the same time limiting the information that is accessed. The company would also be able to know what information is being accessed. The cultural change that was required for this to be possible includes the inability of the organization to share its information with outsiders because it feared that some information might leak to their competitors. The organization did not allow researchers and others any access to their data. This is not as important as technology-related issues. For example, first the company’s largest sales are heart-related items. Keeping the pipeline of these items fresh is done through technology, which engineers had been focused on improving before the set up of Goldfire. Secondly, in the past researchers were unable to develop new ideas into past creations because they could not access the data from the organization. This could have led to innovations and discoveries. The video rental map developed by The New York Times and Netflix displays movie popularity across neighborhoods from major US cities. Netflix could use this information to improve their business by supplying common films in the regions that they are common in. they could also supply films that are related to the films common in different regions. Other companies could also take advantage of these data. For example, research companies could use information on films that are common in different regions for research. Cinemas could also use this information, in order to know the type of movies to offer or show in different regions. The newspaper industry has been facing serious challenges to its viability ever since the internet made news available online. Newspapers are coping with these through several ways. Some newspapers have ventured into the internet service by offering their news through the internet, for example The New York Times. Others are coping with these by cutting back on expensive projects, such as investigative journalism. Predictions from a number of newspaper officials are that newspapers will be printing and supplying the papers at most, three days every week. Reports also show that some newspapers have already closed down or stopped printing. For example, The Christian Science Monitor. Surveys show that most people now turn to the internet to access news. In this case, in five or ten years to come, most newspapers will have gone out of business or closed down their print version of the paper to produce e-paper. Examples of companies using technology to help them innovate and develop new products and services include IBM, Liberty Property Trust, Dell and Comcast .IBM Company has software known as Lotus Connections, which offers five web services. The services include communication, enterprise profiles, social book marking, blogs and activities. Liberty Property Trust uses J.D. Edwards 5 solutions to predict the future market and to create good customer relationships. Comcast and Dell use twitter to assess what consumers think about their products. Trends by most companies include the use of social networks such as twitter and blogs to market their products and assess what the public thinks of the company. Case 2 A shared service model such as a shared service center can be used to improve the approach of shared services. This center would provide online consolidation for the various businesses sharing the service. It could also enable the expansion of the shared services, by collaborating with other global businesses with ease of communication and operation. The center provides a platform where members can find information, as well as customers, who want to learn more about the companies.

Poetry Rhythm And Metre †Part 2

Poetry Rhythm And Metre – Part 2 Poetry Rhythm And Metre – Part 2 Poetry Rhythm And Metre – Part 2 By Simon Kewin Our previous post looked at the basics of poetry rhythm and metre (or, in the US, meter). This post goes into further detail on the common rhythms employed by poets, and it covers some of the terminology used to describe and discuss them. Not all poetry pays close attention to metre, but a great deal does and a poet should always be aware of what the various terms mean. As we saw in the previous post, rhythm in spoken English is a product of patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. So, for example, the word poem is a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. You could write it PO-em to highlight this. Poets refer to this particular pattern as a trochee (a word originating from the Greek, as with much poetic terminology). It’s an example of what is called a â€Å"metrical foot†, which is just another way of describing a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Other examples of trochees would be â€Å"Monday†, â€Å"fire†, â€Å"water† and â€Å"speaker†. Of course, it’s always possible to pronounce these words so that they aren’t trochees (they aren’t â€Å"trochaic†) – you might, for example, say Mon-DAY rather than MON-day in an exclamation. If you did say â€Å"Monday† with the emphasis on the second syllable, then you would be using an iamb rather than a trochee. An iamb is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Other examples of iambs are â€Å"around†, â€Å"infect†, â€Å"decide† and â€Å"trapeze†. Between them, trochees and iambs make up a great deal of English poetry. There are two other metrical feet consisting of two syllables : the spondee (stressed-stressed, such as â€Å"heartbreak†) and the pyrrhic (unstressed-unstressed, such as â€Å"and the†). It’s rare for a poem to contain a lot of spondees or pyrrhics – they are generally used sparingly to break up a regular pattern of iambs etc. It’s also worth knowing about some three syllable feet : the anapest (unstressed-unstressed-stressed e.g. â€Å"to the moon†), the dactyl (stressed-unstressed-unstressed, e.g. â€Å"poetry†) and the amphibrach (unstressed-stressed-unstressed, e.g. â€Å"undying†). All of these terms are often used in combination with a word indicating how many of them there are in each line of a poem. This gives us a complete description of a poem’s metre. So, for example, if each line consists of five iambs, such as those from Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard reproduced in the first post, we would describe this as â€Å"iambic pentameter†. The word pentameter means, simply, that there are five metrical feet to the line. Other numbers of feet have similar terms: trimeter for three, tetrameter for four, hexameter for six and so forth. So, if your poem generally has four trochees to the line, you would say its metre is trochaic tetrameter. If you write poetry, metre is an additional dimension to your work you should be thinking about. Sometimes, as you write a particular poem, it will naturally start to fall into a particular rhythm scheme. Sometimes it is a conscious decision. Its always up to you whether you want to stay with a chosen metre and how strictly you want to adhere to it. Different metres will have different effects on the sound of your poem. It pays to experiment. For example, does your poem demand a fast-moving rhythm or something more sombre? Do you want to stick to a predictable, confident metre or write something less clear-cut, more full of uncertainties and pauses? The answer will always depend on the individual poem. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†Is There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?May Have vs. Might Have

Medical Problems as a Result of Chronic Cocaine Abuse and Alco Lab Report

Medical Problems as a Result of Chronic Cocaine Abuse and Alcoholism - Lab Report Example Initially, the client described the pain as stabbing rated 9/10; however, after administering 2 SL Nitro and ASA 325 mg, the pain gradually became â€Å"crampy† and is currently rated 1/10. In addition, the client was also given Lasix 40 mg IV. The client reported that she tried Excedrin PM and Tylenol PM at home to relieve the pain but was unsuccessful. A day prior to consulting, the client related that she tried taking 100 mg of Toprol XL, which provided no pain relief.Carissa had a history of uncontrolled hypertension and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF), dilated cardiomyopathy, and polysubstance abuse.- The client had a history of longstanding hypertension and polysubstance abuse.- In March 2005, the client was diagnosed with stage II left intraductal breast carcinoma, metastatic with 1/14 left axillary lymph nodes. The client was S/P left mastectomy, chemotherapy, and XRT. She had a history of depression in the same year.- In July 2006, the client was dia gnosed with congestive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy.   - On 11/7/2006 – 16/7/2006, the client was admitted in the ward for 5 days after presenting to the ED with complaints of chest pains and SOB. During her admission, the client’s cardiac enzymes, electrolytes, Mg++ levels are all WNL. Her EKG showed normal sinus rhythm with LA enlargement, LVH, and a prolonged QT interval (.514 sec) but no dynamic changes worrisome for cardiac ischemia. CXR showed marked cardiomegaly with some pulmonary vascular congestion. An ECHO was performed during this time revealing LA dilation (5.0 cm) with LV size at the upper limit of normal, severe impairment of LV systolic function with a calculated biplane EF of 14%. The LV diastolic filling pattern was felt to be â€Å"pseudonormal.† It was during this time that RT was started on an aggressive 5 drug regimen for heart failure and recommended to follow up with a cardiologist at the Myers Park Heart Failure clinic. She has followed up with the Heart Failure clinic two times since July.

Assessment techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment techniques - Essay Example Critical thinking plays a big role in the whole concept of the consideration of new ideas, the subsequent choosing of the best options and the decision whether or not to modify them further. The Use of Critical Thinking Skills in Teaching Critical thinking skills are a challenge in both face-to-face teaching settings as well as in the provision of online courses because there is a need for students to be completely present in the moment during the lesson. It is much easier for students to merely cram information into their memories without necessarily understanding it and then restate it when they are required to during examinations or tests (Dobrovolny, 2006). Cramming information into memory is the easier way of retaining information without being fully involved in the learning process. It is something that is done in many educational institutions today. However, it is harmful to students in the final analysis because they are left in a situation where they have no skills in fully assessing different subjects or forming their own opinions about them. Reiterating information only calls for a student to sit in the lecture and pretend to understand what is being taught even though his or her mind may be thinking about something else. As long as the student has memorized various meanings, he is content because he can repeat this material to himself later until it is ingrained in his memory. It will then be easy to restate it just as he remembers it in any examinations where it may be required. The use of critical thinking skills, on the other hand, calls for the student to be fully engaged in associative or active learning. Critical thinking entails the use of various skills in the consideration of a given subject. These skills include interpretation, observation, inference, analysis, explanation, and evaluation. The student engaged in critical thinking also takes into account the context in which the material is presented, theoretical constructs for comprehendin g the subject matter, and the techniques used to come to a decision about the final answer. The use of critical thinking skills does not just entail the use of logic, but also the consideration of credibility, relevance, accuracy, significance, and precision. When a teacher wishes to engage her students towards thinking critically about a subject, she encourages them to use their reason to determine the next steps in finding the real answer; even if this might result in disparities in the findings. She will also encourage inquisitiveness among the students, and direct them towards using a systematic approach to finding solutions for different problems. Naturally, it is easier for teachers to encourage students in bricks-and-mortar institutions to adopt these methods of problem solving than it is for them to encourage students in their online classrooms or hybrid environments. Hybrid settings describe a situation where the teacher uses a combination of traditional classroom as well a s online instruction to disseminate lessons to students. In traditional classrooms, teachers are able to monitor students on a personal basis and some can even determine which students are ‘present’ and which are not. This means that they will be able to call the attention of

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case study - Assignment Example In the evaluation and morale case, a number of problems emerge. According to the staff nurse, the nurse manager made some untrue against her in the report. In this respect, the problem of unfair evaluation emerges. Another problem also stems out of this context. The staff nurse’s morale is negatively affected by the report. The underlying adverse effect is directed towards the actual practice as much as it remains an issue with the staff nurse. This personal-practice-based implication of the report is a critical problem in the case. Over and above this, the staff nurse’s evaluation seems to have been directed towards one key event. In this respect, the progressive factor that should be captured in the report is not observed. Moreover, poor, inefficient, and ineffective communication between stakeholders (Phillips & Morris, 2011) is characteristic in the case. Finally, personal growth and development of the staff nurse is on the verge of being negated by the unfolding ev ents in the case. The above mentioned problems can be analyzed by employing a number of principles. An administrative problem that befalls any health care organization is critical (Burnard, et al. 2004). In the light of the case, it is important to understand the administrative standpoint of the nurse manager in executing her performance appraisal mandate. This is because the principle of dialogue is seemingly downplayed in relation to the manner in which the nurse manager executed the evaluation. Over and above that, issues to do with morality and ethics emerge. Moral and ethical principles are vital in analyzing problems related to nursing or any other health care practice (Walker & Avant, 2011). At the same time, it would be essential to account for professional platforms that are designed to promote personal and professional growth and development. In order to solve the problems described in the evaluation and morale case, a number of recommendations are

Impact of Increased Temperature on Delosperma Cooperi Pollen

Impact of Increased Temperature on Delosperma Cooperi Pollen Eunice Oh The Impact of Increased Temperature due to Global Warming on Pollen Germination of  Delosperma  Cooperi Introduction: There is an ongoing crisis that is beginning to influence ecosystems throughout the world,  which may lead to large  scale  natural disasters due to the rise in temperature from global warming. According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space studies,  0.8 °C  have increased around the world since 1880. In addition, the rise in temperature is pervasive and  is  increasing at a faster rate in the last two decades (SITE1). This warming phenomenon can disturb ecosystems  and  lead to extinction in extreme cases.  Such ecosystems are dependent on plant growth and proliferation to sustain itself.  Therefore, an experiment to  observe  the  effects of  a significant  rise in temperature on pollen germination was conducted to predict the adaptability of  Delopsperma  cooperi,  a  common species of  iceplant  grown around the world, to  this phenomenon  . T  Delosperma cooperi  (trailing iceplant) was compared to  Tulbaghia violacea  (society garlic)  to obtain a broader view of how different plants from the same environment would react to a distinct change in temperature.  An increase of 10 °C was chosen as the variable to perform  analysis with the Q10  temperature coefficient.  Pollen is a fine powder that contains microgametophytes of seed plants and produces male gametes. When pollination occurs, the pollen grain  germinates and a tube is produced  as a conduit to transport the male gametes from the stigma to the pistils  of the ovule in flowering plants  (SITE2).   In nature, germination occurs  when the stigma is hydrated from  water  sources (e.g. rain)  . can also be induced  in vitro  using  a  germination media and  the  hanging drop method (SITE 3).  Three replicates were observed the were  analyzed  with  statistics  to  measure the significance of the variable   (via a T-test, and Dixon Q).   The plant’s temperature dependence was quantified with the Q10  temperature coefficient. It was predicted  that the increase in temperature would result in  a significant improvement of  pollen germination rate  and longer pollen tubes than the control  due to  Delosperma  cooperi’s  adaptive traits (quote). Materials and Methods: Germination of  Delosperma  cooperi  was induced in basic germination media, composed of  1mM KCl, 0.1mM CaCl2, 1.6mM H3BO3, 10% glucose,and distilled water. Standard lab  equipments were  used: light  microscope,  garden  gaskets, depression slides, slides warmer, petri dish,  and micropipettes. The light microscope was used under the 10x objective to track the germination process and measure the elongation of pollen tubes. To  accommodate  for  a large sample volume (50 µL  transferred using micropipettes), garden gaskets were employed to extend the capacity of the depression slides.  A  slides warmer  was used to maintain the high temperature environment (37 °C  )  and  wet  petri  dishes were  utilized as germination chambers. The hanging drop method consists  of several steps.   A gasket was placed on top of the slide in order to create an area for the hanging drop to be intact with the cover slide  and held together with grease. The slides were placed in the humidity  chamber to  allow germination and  prevent drying. Two sets of the hanging drops were prepared, one for the higher temperature (37 °C),  and another for the  positive  control  (27 °C  ). The negative control was prepared by observing the pollen without any germination media. Statistical analysis methodology: The  germination  elongation rates were recorded  by sampling five  pollen  tubes from each slide in 30 minutes  intervals, up to 150 minutes.  This data was analyzed  using biostatistics.  A  Dixon  Q test was performed to identify and remove outliers.  The  Dixon Q test  was calculated using the equation, Q= (gap)/(range). The gap refers to the absolute difference between the outlier and the closest number to the outlier  and the range is simply between the smallest and largest values  (CITE). After the elimination of outliers from the Dixon Q test, a student T-Test  (with a 95% confidence interval)  was performed to determine whether the variables were statistically significant in the difference of their elongation rates  using P values  (SITE).  Finally, a  Q10  value was determined from the mean of  elongation  rates.  It was calculated by using the following equation: Q10  = (R2/R1)10/(T2-T1).  Q10  is a unit-less measur ement that  quantify  the change of a biological system  due to temperature change. Results: The purpose of the experiment was to  measure the  elongation rates after every 30 minute interval, 32 points of data were obtained and analyzed.  Overall, the elongation rate  of  Delosperma cooperifor the high  temperature variable was as much as three  times faster  compared to the control  temperature  (0.686  Ã‚ µm/min vs.  0.278 µm/min)  in trial three. The percent germination was  also  noticeably better for the  high temperature variable  versus the control, where  it was  approximately 60% compared to 20%  after 120  minutes from initiation. From the list of data, the  Dixon Q-test result indicated the data point 0.780 µm/min of the higher temperature control as an outlier  with a 95% confidence level. The mean elongation rate for the room temperature was 0.314 µm/min and 0.454 µÃ‚  m/min for the higher temperature control. The student T-Test  yielded  a P value of 0.0447, which indicates  that the result is statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval.   The  Q10  temperature coefficient  for   Delosperma cooperi  was calculated to be  3.59, categorized as a temperature dependent biological system. Figure 1.  The graph shows the average  elongation  rates of  Delosperma  cooperi  at two different  temperatures. The tubule elongation rate was  0.314 µm/min  for the control and  0.454 µm/min  for the variable. Error bars denote one standard deviation  (0.152 µm/min  and  0.177 µm/min, respectively)  above and below the mean. Figure  2. The graph shows the average elongation rates of  Tulbaghia  Violacea  at two different  temperatures. The tubule elongation rate was  17.4 µm/min for the control and  3.00 µm/min for the variable. Error bars denote one standard deviation (1.95 µm/min  and  0.279 µm/min, respectively)  above and below the mean. Discussion: The results appear to support the hypothesis, where  Delosperma  cooperi  was positively affected by the increased  temperature  by approximately  a 0.140 µm/min  and 40% germination  improvement.   The result shows that the higher temperature yielded in an improvement in both percentage germination and pollen tube length growth  at a significant level (P10  value is higher than 2. Q10  is a unit-less measurement that establish a temperature coefficient  that correlates a system’s change to temperature difference  (of 10 °C)  (SITE 4) In addition,  the  higher percentage germination was observed from the higher temperature control  correspond to an article  in which  Delosperma cooperi  is more adapted to a higher temperature environment  due to  increased metabolic rate under temperature stress  (SITE 5). The results of  Delopserma  cooperi  were compared with  Tulbaghia  violacea  and suggest that the increased temperature had the opposite effect on  Tulbaghia  violacea, where  pollen germination percentage and pollen tube growth were more effective in the room temperature control.  Tulbaghia violacea  is known to be better suited in the colder environment  while high  temperatures  restrict their germination (SITE 6). However, the data was determined to be not significantly significant.  (P>0.6).   A possible future experiment includes testing a greater variety of indigenous  flower pollens  under more temperature variances. The experiment provided a glimpse into how certain plants would respond to  the consequences of  global  warming  and more studies are needed for a more comprehensive overview.   References Leistner, O. A. (ed.). 2000.  Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera. Strelitzia10. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Mozaffar Ebrahim Edmund John Pool (2010). The effect of  Tulbaghiaviolacea  extracts on testosterone secretion by testicular cell cultures.  Journal of  Ethnopharmacology  132(1): 359–361 Reyes, A.B.,  Pendergast, J.S., and  Yamazaki, S. 2008. Mammalian peripheral circadian oscillators are temperature compensated. J.Biol. Rhythms 23: 95-98. â€Å"Global Warming Facts.† 2007. National Geographic.  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert, Susan E. Eichhorn (2005).Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers. pp.504–508. Pfahler PL (1981).In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants. Health Perspect.37: 125–32. Reyes, A.B.,Pendergast, J.S., and Yamazaki, S. 2008. Mammalian peripheral circadian oscillators are temperature compensated. J.Biol. Rhythms 23: 95-98. Rinnan  R, Steinke M,  McGenity  T, Loreto F. Plant volatiles in extreme terrestrial and marine environments.Plant Cell Environ. 2014 Mar 7. http://autocite.durkmed.com/

Use of the Nation of Islam in Down at the Cross Essay -- James Baldwin

The Use of the Nation of Islam in â€Å"Down at the Cross† Like his essay â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† James Baldwin’s â€Å"Down at the Cross† offers a three-part essay involving Baldwin’s personal adolescent experience, a specific event in Baldwin’s life, and a final analysis concluding with a warning to the readers. Baldwin describes a general experience throughout his life, and his sense of the public’s overall experience, to discuss the progression of America throughout history; the progression of America is the advancement of the American Negro according to Baldwin: â€Å"[The American Negro] is the key figure in his country, and the American future is precisely as bright or as dark as his† (Baldwin 340). The Nation of Islam and its leader, Elijah Muhammad, play an important role in Baldwin’s analysis. Baldwin’s early religious involvement prepare him for his experience at Muhammad’s residence, and his combined experiences instigate reflections upon the progress of black and white America since the emancipation of blacks during the Civil War. Baldwin begins his essay with a recount of his childhood, growing up black in a nation which considered itself white. Baldwin explains the uphill battle fought by every American Negro, how many â€Å"were clearly headed for the Avenue† (Baldwin 296) of whores, pimps, and racketeers. Baldwin argues that the American Negro was doomed to remain in the same state in which he or she was brought into the world, just as â€Å"girls were destined to gain as much weight as their mothers, the boys †¦ would rise no higher than their fathers† (Baldwin 298). Even an education would not rescue one from â€Å"the man’s† oppression. The man, of course, is the white man who â€Å"would never, by the operation of any generous human feel... ...ns of the consequences if America fails the journey: â€Å"God gave Noah the rainbow sign, No more water, the fire next time!† (Baldwin 347). Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Down at the Cross.† 1963. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84. â€Å"Cultist is Slain Battling Police.† New York Times 29 Apr. 1962, sec. 1: 72. Dodoo, Jan. Nation of Islam. 29 May 2001. U of Virginia. 17 Mar. 2004 Kihss, Peter. â€Å"In Return for Years of Slavery, Four or Five States.† New York Times 23 Apr. 1961, sec. 7: 406. Quarles, Benjamin. â€Å"Lincoln’s The Black Muslims in America.† Rev. of The Black Muslims in America, by C. Eric Lincoln. Journal of Negro History. Vol. XLVI, No. 3 (1961): 198-199. White, Jack E. â€Å"An Unlikely Prophet.† Time 13 Dec. 1999: 103+

Global Impact of E-Commerce on Society Essay

Explanation positive effects 1. Convenience : e-commerce is very convenient for customer ,because it accepts different type of credit and debit cards and as many other forms of payment as possible . customer don’t need to go anywhere for payment ,customer can carry as many items in stock as possible to avoid backorder ,it is often convenience because the order goes hand –in –hand with in timelines to customer. 2. Helpful for disables and aged people: as the disable and aged people are less able to walk and might be live alone , so by the e –commerce they don’t need walk to door to door of different shops in that search of things ,whatever they need that will come to there door within the timeline, within reasonable prices and if they don’t like the product they can return it back within the time period of product 3. Time saving : with e-commerce, consumer can save their time, because they can have access to their money through internet and work all from a desktop computer and save the time of going to so many different shops in search of thing they wanted ,they will get so much choices on e-commerce at sitting at there home, in that mean time they can do there different works . 4. Information availability : e-commerce enables consumers to make price comparison so that they can make more appropriate purchasing decisions .e-commerce make information of products and the market as whole which is easily accessible by customer to make more appropriate purchasing decisions 5. Helpful for new business: in the present situation of market, e-commerce stores have become the necessity of the people e-commerce website is exposed to the millions of people at a single click , so the chances are high that it is able to generate huge profit and to start a new business ,the business man only need to pay the registration fees of his business website , so it is clearly shows that the expenditure is very less and profit margin is very high 6. Jobs for society : e-commerce create delivery jobs for the general people for these jobs people don’t need to much educated and this not very hard work any worker can do that the delivery person also get tips s reward 7. 24 hour service: e-commerce site gives customer ability to have unlimited store hours, it gives customer it gives customer 24 hours a day ,7 days a week access to shop and buy items from online stores .the customers can make contact to the merchant or the seller anytime by email or by the fax. whole info rmation about the product is available to the customer all the time on the website 8. Available niche products : on the e-commerce market there is wide range of products are available ,there are variety of products which come in different variants at varied prices, some products which are not available within the boundaries of one’s country on e-commerce one can do cross border shopping, they only have to pay the shipping cost extra 9. Disintermediation : e-commerce removes intermediaries in supply chain process, it gives customer simpler and more direct access to good and services which means lower prices because supply chains are streamlined and the fees charged by distributors and logistics providers are eliminated or sharply reduced 10. Environmental friendly : e-commerce is eco-friendly market because people do shopping on e-commerce through internet by sitting at home they don’t go to stores looking for things they need ,every information and product is available at internet 24 hours a day and 7 days at of week , by shopping through internet saves fuel and prevents air pollution Explanation negative effects 1. Loss to the small business man : e-commerce makes direct link between the customer and seller or manufacturer ,which shows there is no need of middle so the job of middle man is vanished and it also effects the small business and retailing they loose customer because customer prefers to purchase directly through e-commerce from manufacturing at low rate prices 2. Increase in crime rate : e-commerce increases the computer crime which also known as cyber crime ,cyber crimes includes internet –related forgers ,embezzlement ,fraud ,vandalism and the disposal of stolen goods .the potential threat to the overall development of e-commerce is serious . according to FBI there was e –commerce fraud of 30 billion in 2004 in economy 3. Creates unemployment: on the e-commerce customers purchases directly from the stores the details information about the products is available on the site of the product so they don’t need to go manually to store and they don’t need any person to give them information or guide what is right for them , because of this feature of e –commerce employees who work at stores loss the jobs . 4. Wrong information : e-commerce is also known as electronic commerce which we do on internet ,internet is trap if you don’t have proper knowledge about it and the main motive of any business is to sell there product ,for that they may give wrong information on internet P2.1- Analyse the impact, including the risks, of introducing an e-Commerce system to an organisation ANS E-COMMERCE : e-commerce is a way for any size of organisation to do business over internet, selling products or services , taking payment and providing customer support which have positive impacts on organisation and as well as have some risk to organisation and customer of organisation As we take the example of ASDA which is one of the four biggest supermarkets in the UK ,alongside tesco ,sainsbury’s ,morrisons . IMPACTS OF E-COMMERCE ON ASDA * Provides multichannel selling * Accelerate business growth * Empowered customer * Reduce operating cost * Increased profit rate * Interactive help system 1. Interactive help system : The website of ASDA provides interactive help system that efficiently guides a new user to quickly get accustomed to the online shopping process , which attracts more customer. ASDA has classified its products efficiently based on the departments which enable the customer to view the products accurately , ASDA website also provides information of time to time offers on products by advertising on the sides of website which keep customers up to date 2. Multichannel selling : multichannel selling is the process which is used by ASDA to sell their products , in this process ASDA sell their products with in various online channels ,it can single website , public website , public marketplaces and shopping-comparison site and social websites , As on the e- bay which is the public market place have 23 million registered users, and the price grabber reported that they alone have more then 18 million unique visitors per month and social sites are popular all over the world , which brings customer from all over the world and increases sales at high rate as well as expand the brand recognition

Cyberspace and Internet Privacy essays

Cyberspace and Internet Privacy essays As every generation comes they bring with them a new invention from cars to television to the telephone the basic existence of man, in my eyes, is to advance both technologically, thus making life better for us all and also scientifically. Man wants to know all we want to be able to answer all the questions out there as every day goes by we get closer and closer to answering some of our questions. Every day, new cures for diseases are found and also new diseases are discovered, new discoveries are made in various fields, at the same time, however, new problems are arising. Man in every era has depended on some form of tool to help him to his tasks whatever they may be, a tool to make things easier. This tool is technology; technology does not have to be the modern thoughts of computers. Technology is the science of technical processes in a wide, though a related field of knowledge. So technology can be anything as long as it helps us advance. It can be anything like a plough to help a farmer, a television to help the media and the telephone to help us communicate. The latest technology of the 20th Century is the Internet and it has placed a great mark on our society. It is the new place to be where business can advance, people can interact worldwide at the click of a mouse and this has revolutionarily changed the world. In the world of the Internet, there are millions of members worldwide and that means it is a very profitable arena. In an area where there is money, there are criminals and that is where the modern criminals of the world are behind co mputer screens. They may be credible individuals in society and they could also be credible corporations and organizations that are finding a quick way to make money and by doing this they are breaking ethical rules of society (even though it is hard to determine the ethics of the internet) and one of these crimes is the violation of the privacy of others. I have logged on to the int...

Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System

Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System Digested molecules of food, as well as water and minerals from the diet, are absorbed from the cavity of the upper small intestine. The absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood, mainly, and are carried off in the bloodstream to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change. This part of the digestive system process varies with different types of nutrients. Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System Carbohydrates An average American adult eats about half a pound of carbohydrate each day. Some of our most common foods contain mostly carbohydrates. Examples are bread, potatoes, pastries, candy, rice, spaghetti, fruits, and vegetables. Many of these foods contain both starch, which can be digested and fiber, which the body cannot digest. The digestible carbohydrates are broken into simpler molecules by enzymes in the saliva, in juice produced by the pancreas, and in the lining of the small intestine. Starch is digested in two steps: First, an enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice breaks the starch into molecules called maltose; then an enzyme in the lining of the small intestine (maltase) splits the maltose into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body. Table sugar is another carbohydrate that must be digested to be useful. An enzyme in the lining of the small intestine digests table sugar into glucose and fructose, each of which can be absorbed from the intestinal cavity into the blood. Milk contains yet another type of sugar, lactose, which is changed into absorbable molecules by an enzyme called lactase, also found in the intestinal lining. Protein Foods such as meat, eggs, and beans consist of giant molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. An enzyme in the juice of the stomach starts the digestion of swallowed protein. Further digestion of the protein is completed in the small intestine. Here, several enzymes from the pancreatic juice and the lining of the intestine carry out the breakdown of huge protein molecules into small molecules called amino acid. These small molecules can be absorbed from the hollow of the small intestine into the blood and then be carried to all parts of the body to build the walls and other parts of cells. Fats Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat such as butter is to dissolve it into the water content of the intestinal cavity. The bile acids produced by the liver act as natural detergents to dissolve fat in water and allow the enzymes to break the large fat molecules into smaller molecules, some of which are fatty acids and cholesterol. The bile acids combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and help these molecules to move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells, the small molecules are formed back into large molecules, most of which pass into vessels (called lymphatics) near the intestine. These small vessels carry the reformed fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the body. Vitamins The large, hollow organs of the digestive system contain muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid and also can mix the contents within each organ. Typical movement of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine is called peristalsis. The action of peristalsis looks like an ocean wave moving through the muscle. The muscle of the organ produces a narrowing and then propels the narrowed portion slowly down the length of the organ. These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. Water and Salt Most of the material absorbed from the cavity of the small intestine is water in which salt is dissolved. The salt and water come from the food and liquid we swallow and the juices secreted by the many digestive glands. In a healthy adult, more than a gallon of water containing over an ounce of salt is absorbed from the intestine every 24 hours. Digestion Control A fascinating feature of the  digestive system  is that it contains its own regulators. Hormone Regulators The major hormones that control the functions of the digestive system are produced and released by cells in the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine. These hormones are released into the  blood  of the digestive tract, travel back to the  heart  and through the  arteries, and return to the digestive system, where they stimulate digestive juices and cause organ movement. The hormones that control digestion are gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK): Gastrin causes the stomach to produce an acid for dissolving and  digesting some foods. It is also necessary for the normal growth of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and colon.Secretin causes the  pancreas  to send out a  digestive juice  that is rich in bicarbonate. It stimulates the stomach to produce pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein, and it also stimulates the liver to produce bile.CCK causes the pancreas to grow and to produce the enzymes of pancreatic juice, and it causes the gallbladder to empty. Nerve Regulators Two types of  nerves  help to control the action of the digestive system. Extrinsic (outside) nerves come to the digestive organs from the unconscious part of the  brain  or from the  spinal cord. They release a chemical called acetylcholine and another called adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes the muscle of the digestive organs to squeeze with more force and increase the push of food and juice through the digestive tract. Acetylcholine also causes the stomach and pancreas to produce more digestive juice. Adrenaline relaxes the muscle of the stomach and intestine and decreases the flow of blood to these  organs. Even more important, though, are the intrinsic (inside) nerves, which make up a very dense network embedded in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. The intrinsic nerves are triggered to act when the walls of the hollow organs are stretched by food. They release many different substances that speed up or delay the movement of food and the production of juices by the digestive organs. Sources Your Digestive System and How It Works. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Updated Sept. 2013. Web. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Anatomy/your-digestive-system/Pages/anatomy.aspx.

Musical Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Musical Orientalism - Essay Example Imitation aims to duplicate; musical Orientalism has little to do with the objective conditions of non-Western musical practices-rather, it brings something new into being. Here is a list of Orientalist devices, many of which can be applied indiscriminately as markers of cultural difference. Orientalism describes the representation of the Eastern Other to the Western Self; it is not an impartial account of cultural difference, it is alternity understood in terms of fear and desire, terror and lack. Orientalism is never quite a case of "anything goes"; it is possible to mix signifiers of difference in a confusing manner: for example, it would be possible to write a calypso using Liszt's "Hungarian" scale. Moreover, Orientalist signs are contextual. For example a mixture of 6/8 and 3/4 is not a sign for Spanish in William Byrd's madrigal "Though Amaryllis Dance in Green," but it is in Bernstein's "I Want to Be in America" (from West Side Story). Likewise, the similarity between the close of the first movement of Anton Bruckner's Sixth Symphony and the theme tune of Maurice Jarre's Lawrence of Arabia does not create confusion. It is interesting, nonetheless, to wonder how much more stress on the Phrygian in Bruckner's coda would have been necessary to conjure up Sinbad for Donald F. Tovey, rather than Odysseus. In westerIn western music, Orientalist styles have related to previous Orientalist styles rather than to Eastern ethnic practices, just as myths have been described by Lvi-Strauss as relating to other myths. One might ask if it is necessary to know anything about Eastern musical practices; for the most part, it seems that only knowledge of Orientalist signifiers is required. Nevertheless, the state of affairs found in a work like Rameau's Les Indes Galantes (1735), where, for example, Persians are musically indistinguishable from Peruvians, was to change. Distinctions and differences developed in the representation of the exotic or cultural Other, and that, as well as the confusion that sometimes results, is my present concern. This confusion is most evident in the nineteenth century, when Western composers, especially those who worked in countries engaged in imperialist expansion, were torn between, on the one hand, making a simple distinction between Western Self and Oriental Other and, on the other hand, recognizing that there was no single homogeneous Oriental culture. Thus, even when different Orientalist styles had become established, they could sometimes be applied in a careless manner. J. A. Westrup stated apropos of Purcell's The Indian Queen: "For all the music tells us, the action might be taking place in St. James's Park." His remark indicates that there is a historical specificity to musical Orientalism and thus helps to establish its beginnings. Consider the music sung by the Indian Boy, which concerns "native innocence," part of a favorite colonizing theme in which the indigenous peoples of conquered countries are looked upon as children-and here they are indeed a boy and girl. Lakm's "O va la jeune Indoue" (the "Bell Song" from Delibes's opera Lakme, 1883) is a tale of a young Indian girl's seduction by the divine Vishnu. It begins with a wordless vocalize, a device that became common in representations of the "emotional" Easterner, the lack of verbal content pointing to a contrast with the "rational" Westerner. Carolyn Abbate (1991) remarks that